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Kondensator Atau Kapasitor: Jenis, Fungsi, Rumus, Contohnya – Emhapedia.net Skip to content Kali ini akan mengulas kondensator atau kapasitor mulai dari pengertian, jenis, fungsi, rumus dan contoh contohnya serta manfaat kapasitor dalam rangkaian elektronika. Jadi silahkan sobat baca sampai dengan selesai agar pemahamannya tidak setengah setengah. Hallo sobat, sering kali kita melihat komponen kapasitor pada papan papan PCB baik itu pada perangkat seperti trafo serta perangkat perangkat lain. Secara teknik mungkin kita juga tidak tahu apa fungsi dari perangkat tersebut, Untuk itu yuk kita cari tahu lebih detail lagi tentang salah satu komponen elektro satu ini.
Pengertian Kapasitor Atau Kondensator Secara mudahnya, Kapasitor atau kondensator merupakan salah satu perangkat atau alat yang fungsinya untuk menyimpan energi yang ada didalam medan listrik, yakni caranya adalah dengan mengumpulkan ketidak seimbangan dalam internal muatan listrik. Dalam kapasitor memiliki jenis satuan yang disebut dengan Farad, nama tersebut disandarkan pada nama penemu kapasitor yakni Michael Faraday.
Tahukan anda bahwasannya nama kondensator pertama kali disebutkan oleh Alesandro Volta yang merupakan ilmuan terkenal asal italia. dan nama tersebut merupakan nama perangkat ini yang banyak dikenal di berbagai belahan dunia. Sedangkan nama kapasitor hanya dikenal di sebagian kecil negara negara yang ada dibumi, termasuk Indonesia mengenal kondensator dengan sebutan kapasitor.
Baca Juga: Pengertian Majas: Jenis, Contoh, dan Penarapannya
Fungsi Kapasitor Atau Kondensator Sebelumnya kita pahami dulu apa itu kapasitor. Kapasitor atau juga disebut dengan kondensator adalah salah satu komponen elektronika yang fungsinya adalah untuk menyimpan muatan arus listrik dengan satuan farad (F), dan simbol dari kapasitor sendiri adalah (C). Selain dari fungsi utamanya seperti yang disebutkan diatas, kapasitor sendiri bisa juga digunakan untuk penyaring frekuensi.
Berdasarkan fungsi utamanya, kapasitor ini dibagi kedalam 2 jenis. Yakni kapasitor tetap dan kapasitor tidak tetap (bisa diubah-ubah). Pada rangkaian yang memiliki arus DC, fungsi dari kapasitor adalah untuk isulator (penahan muatan arus lstrik). Dan di rangkaian yang memiliki arus AC, kapasitor atau kondensator ini memiliki tugas atau peranan sebagai induktor (melewatkan muatan arus listrik).
Dalam praktiknya, kondensator atau kapasitor ini digunakan untuk penyaringan teganagan, dan pada tegangan DC digunakan sebagai pengubah tegangan AC ke DC. Atau pembangkit gelombang AC atau oscilator. Selain itu kaspitor juga memiliki fungsi untuk impedansi (sebuah resistensi yang nilainya bergantung atas frekuensi yang diberikan), dan untuk menghemat muatan daya listrik di lampu jenis neon.
Secara garis besar atau kesimpulannya, kapasitor itu memiliki fungsi atau peranan sebagai filter, kopling pada rangkaian power supply, pembangkit frekunsi pada rangkaian oscilator, penggeser frasa dan pencegah percikan api pada saklar, silahkan baca juga tentang mengenal MCB. Secara lebih terperinci, berikut ini beberapa fungsi dari kapasitor atau kondensator pada sebuah rangkaian elertronika :
Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai oscilator (pembangkit gelombang) pada arus AC (arus bolak balik). Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai penyetabil tegangan gelombang arus DC pada rangkaian pengubah arus AC ke DC (Adaptor). Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai penghantar gelombang arus listrik (konduktor) pada arus AC (arus bolak-balik). Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai penahan arus listrik (isolator) pada rangkaian dengan arus DC (arus satu arah). Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai penghemat daya listrik jika ditambahkan pada lampu jenis neon. Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai kopling antar rangkaian elektonika. Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai penghilang percikan bunga api (bounching) jika digunakan pada saklar. Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai penyimpan tegangan dan arus listrik sementara. Kapasitor berfungsi sebagai filer atau penyaring dalam rangkaian eletronika seperti adaptor atau power supply. Prinsip Pembentukan Kondensator/Kapasitor Ada 3 prinsip kerja dasar dalam pembentukan kapasitor, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut.
Dielektrikum: Saat dua plat berhadapan serta dibatasi isolasi lalu kepingan atau batangan plat dialiri oleh listrik maka yang terbentuk kondensator, dan isolasi yang membatasi kedua buah plat tersebutlah yang dinamakan dielektrikum. Ukuran luas dan jarak dari plat yang dihadapkan dengan dielektrikum menjadi pengaruh nilai kapasitasnya, oleh karena itu penamaan kapasitor ada banyak karena diambil dari bahan dielektrikumnya. Kapasitensi Parasitic: merupakan sebuah rangkaian yang didalamnya tidak terjadi kapasitor liar yang disebabkan oleh komponen yang saling berdekatan di jalur penghantar listrik serta gulungan kawat yang juga saling berdekatan. Besaran Kapasitas (Kapasintensi) Sebuah kapasitor memiliki perbandingan kapasitas antara tegangan kapasitor dengan banyaknya muatan listrik.
C = Q/V kalau kita menghitung menggunakan rumus C=0,0885 D/d maka satuan kapasitasnya masuk dalam pikro farad.
D = luas dari bidang plat yang berhadapan serta saling mempengaruhi dalam satuan cm2.
d = jarak diantara plat dalam hitungan cm.
Artinya jika tegangan antara plat ada 1 voltase dan muatan listrik di plat adal 1 colomb, maka kapitas penyimpanan listriknya disebut dengan 1 farad. Namun realitanya kapasitor itu dibuat dengan menggunakan satuan tidak sampai 1 farad, melainkan di bawah 1 farad. Dan kebanyakan di buat dengan satuan 1 mikrofarad sampai dengan milifarad.
Cara Kerja Kapasitor Kapasitor itu sendiri berkerja di sebuah rangkaian dengan mengalirkan elektron menuju kapasitor. Ketika kapasitor dipenuhi oleh elektron maka tegangan itu akan mengalami sebuah perubahan. Lalu elektron akan menglir keluar dari kondensator menuju rangkaian yang saat itu membutuhkan (elektron). Sehingga kapasitor akan membangkitkan reaktif dari sebuah rangkaian. Walaupun kondensator itu mempunyai ukuran serta bentuk yang beda beda, tapi fungsi dari kondensator itu sangat diperlukan dalam sebuah komponen dan rangkaian elektonika.
Dalam 2 kepingan kondensator itu dipisah oleh insolator, dan pada prinsip dasarnya suatu elektron itu tidak akan bisa menyebrangi celah diantara 2 kepingan kondensator itu. Ketika baterai atau muatan listrik belum terhubung maka 2 kepingan itu belum termuati yang artinya masih netral, dan ketika muatan listrik atau baterai sudah terhubung maka ujung kutub negatif akan menolak elektron. Dan kutib positif akan menyedot elektron, kemudan elektron-elektron itu akan menyebar ke seluruh bagian kepingan kapasitor.
Pada waktu yang sebentar, elektrin itu akan mengalir menuju kepingan sebelah kanan dan keluar dari kepingan kiri, pada posisi ini arus mengalir melewati kapasitor walau tidak ada elektron yang mengalir dari c2 celah kepingan tersebut. Setelah area luar kepingan sudah termuati maka akan secara perlahan-lahan akan menolak muatan dari baterai. Arus di kepingan itu akan menurun besarannya sesuai waktu hingga 2 kepingan itu ada di tegangan yang berada di baterai.
Kepingan yang ada di bagian kanan akan mempunyai kelebihan muatan elektron yang terukur dengan muatan -Q. Sedangkan kepingan bagian kiri termuati dengan muatan sebesar +Q.
Rangkaian Kondensator (Kapasitor) Pada dasarnya ada 2 jenis rangkaian dari kondensator, yakni rangkaian seri dan paralel. untuk rumus hitung-hitungannya hampir sama dengan rangkaian resistor. Dan berikut ini penjelasan satu persatunya.
Rangkaian Kondensator Paralel Rangkaian ini adalah menghubungkan antara kutup sejenis antara kapasitor, dan berikut ini beberapa rumus rangkaian paralel.
– Pada rangkaian paralel terdapat hitungan kapasitas pengganti sebagai berikut :
Ctot=C1+C2+C3
Qtot=Q1+Q2+Q3
Vtot=V1=V2=V3
Muatan yang ada di kapasitor pengganti = jumlah masing masing kapasitor (seperti tegangan yang ada di rangkaian jenis seri )
Qp= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + dan seterusnya…
– Perbedaan potensial pada setiap kondensator atau kapasitor memiliki nilai yang sama dengan beda potensial dari sumber asal. (hitungannya sama seperti rangakaian serti)
Vp = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
– Pada rangkaian paralel, kapasitas pengganti kondensator/kapasitor = jumlah dari seluruh kondensator dalam rangkaian itu.
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
Karena pada kapasitas pengganti dari seluruh rangkaian paralel itu lebih besar dibandingkan dengan masing masing kondensator dalam rangkaian, sehingga susunan rangkaian paralel bisa digunakan untuk memperbesar dari kapasitas kondensator tersebut.
Rangkaian Kondensator Seri Rangkaian ini adalah rangkaian kondensator yang menhubungkan kutub tidak sejenis antara kondensator.
– Kapasitas pengganti yang ada di rangkaian seri adalah sebagai berikut.
1Ctot=1C1+1C2+1C3
Qtot=Q1=Q2=Q3
Vtot=V1+V2+V3
Rangkaian seri yang ada di kondensator atau kapasitor yakni kondensatir yang telah dirangkai di satu garis hubung dan tidak bercabang.
Ketika kondensator di rangkai seri maka bisa ditentukan kondensator pengganti total dari keseluruhan kondensator yang berada di dalam susunan seri itu. Dan di susunan seri sendiri ada peraturan sebagai berikut.
– Muatan di setiap komponen kondensator = jumlah muatan yang ada pada kondensator penganti.
Qs = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4
– Perbedaan potensial (V) yang ada di ujung-ujung kondensator/kapasitor pengganti = perbedaan potensial (V) yang berada pada setiap kondensator.
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
– Rumus dari kapasitas kondensator pengganti.
Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + 1/C4
– Rumus cepat untuk n kapasitor yang memiliki kapasitas sama.
Cs = C/n
Harap dicatat bahwasannya kapasitas pengganti dari rangkaian seri sejumlah kapasitor itu selalu lebih kecil dari pada kapasitas masing masing, maka kondensator yang dirangkai seri bisa digunakan untuk memperkecil kapasitas dari sebuah kondensator.
Gabungan Rangkaian Seri dan Pararel Rangkaian semacam ini merupakan gabungan antara rangkaian paralel dan seri, rumus yang diterapkan seperti halnya rumus yang berlaku pada kedua jenis susunan rangkaian sebelumnya.
Point pentingnya adalah anda harus pandai pandai menelaah atau meneliti dari sebuah susunan gabungan, yang mana susunan paralel dan yang mana susunan seri.
Energi Kapasitor Potensial listrik terjadi akibat muatan listrik, dan untuk memindahkannya dibutuhkan sebuah usaha, dan usaha memberikan muatan pada sebuah kondensator adalah dengan usaha listrik.
Usaha listrik disimpan dalam sebuah kondensator sebagai sebuah energi, dan pemberian muatan itu dimulai dari nol (0) – Q colomb, dan berikut ini penulisan persamaan energi pada kapasitor :
W=12CV2=12QV=12Q2C
Keterangan :
W adalah energi dari kapasitor.
Q adalah muatan listrik (C).
V adalah potensial listrik.
Rumus Kondensator (Kapasitor) Untuk menghitung besarnya sebuah muatan listrik yang dihasilkan oleh kondensator atau kapasitor atau listrik yang masuk, maka berlaku beberapa rumus hitung kondensator/kapasitor baik rangkaian seri, paralel dan gabungan seri paralel.
Satuan hitungnya menggunakan satuan farad (F), sebelumnya silahkan pahami terlebih dahulu konversi dari satuan farad berikut ini :
1 Farad = 1.000.000µF (mikro Farad)
1µF = 1.000nF (nano Farad)
1µF = 1.000.000pF (piko Farad)
1nF = 1.000pF (piko Farad)
Berikut ini cara perhitungan kondensator atau kapasitor yang bisa untuk sobat pelajari, nampak seperti gerbang logika ya.
Q = CV
Keterangan :
Q adalah muatan yang memiliki satuan coulumb
C adalah kapasitas yang memiliki satuan Farad
V adalah tegangan yang memiliki satuan volt
(1 coulumb = 6,3 x 1018 elektron)
Fungsi dari kapasitor seperti baterai, karena tegangan tetap berada dalam kapasitor walau sudah tidak terhubung, dan lamana tegangan yang sudah tertinggal pada kondensator itu bergantung dari kapasitasnya.
Rumus Lain Dalam Susunan Kapasitor/Kondensator A. Rumus Rangkaian Seri Kondensator
1/C Total = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
Kesimpulan!
Pada setiap pengukuran rangkaian seri terjadi pembagian tegangan melalui sumber tegangan di setiap titik. Jika di gabungkan dengan cara di total, maka tegangan-tegangan tersebut mempunyai titik sama seperti jumlah tegangan dari sumbernya pada setiap titik.
B. Rumus Rangkaian Paralel Kondensator
C Total = C1 + C2 + C3
Kesimpulan!
Pada susunan kondensator paralel tidak terjadi pembagian baik pada muatan atau tegangan listrik, semuanya mempunyai tegangan yang sama jumlahnya di setiap titik pada rangkaian kondenssator paralel. Alasannya adalah karena susunan paralel itu dihubungkan pada titik yang sama, dan oleh sebab itu tidak mempunyai perubahan yang berarti.
C. Rumus Rangkaian Kondensator Seri dan Paralel
C Total = (C1 + C2) // C3
1/CA = 1/C1 + 1/C2 (seri)
Kesimpulan!
Susunan seperti ini bisa dihitung menggunakan metode penggabungan dari beberapa persamaan rumus yang ada di kedua kondensator, yakni rumus susunan seri dan paralel. Sehingga dapat diketahui total keseluruhan dari 2 gabungan jenis kondensator/kapasitor tersebut.
Jenis Jenis Kapasitor Terdapat dua jenis kondensator atau kapasitor, dan berikut ini ulasan dari kedua jenis tersebut.
1. Kapasitor (Kondensator) Tetap Sesuai dengan namanya yakni tetap, artinya jenis kapasitor ini nilai kapasitasnya tidak bisa diubah. Bentuk dari kapasitor jenis ini juga beragam, tergantung dari bahan yang digunakan untuk membuatnya. Dan pada jenis kapasitor tetap ada 2 jenis, yakni polar dan non polar. Berikut ini penjelasan satu persatu dari jenis polar dan non polar.
A. Kapasitor Tetap Polar
Ada 2 jenis dari kapasitor tetap jenis polar, berikut keterangan selengkapnya :
– Kapasitor tantalum
Bentuk dari kapasitor ini bisanya kecil dan diberi tanda warna merah atau hijau, karena jenis ini memiliki tingkat kehandalan yang tinggi biasanya harga dari kapasitor ini relatif mahal.
– Kapasitor elektrolit
Kapasitor jenis ini memili 2 kutub kaki, kaku yang panjang merupakan kutup positif sedangkan kaki yang pendek merupakan kutub negatif. Pemasangan dari kapasitor jenis ini tidak boleh terbaik pada rangkaian elektronika, khusuhnya di rangkaian yang memiliki arus AC. Tapi untuk rangkaian dengan arus DC tidak masalah jika memasangkan terbalik.
B. Kapasitor Tetap Non Polar [Variable]
Setidaknya ada 5 jenis kapasitor non polar, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut :
– Kapasitor Polyester
Jenis kapasitor ini memilki bentuk yang pipih dan kesil, jenis kapasitor polyester ini tidak mempunyai polaritas sehingga untuk pemasangannya tidak sulit. Dan pecantuman kapasitas dari kapasitor ini biasanya diberikan dengan kode warna.
– Kapasitor Keramik
Sesuai dengan namanya, jenis kapasitor ini terbuat dari bahan keramik dan memiliki banyak sekali bentuk. Jenis kapasitor ini sukup stabil sehingga sering digunakan dalam sebuah rangkaian. Nilai kapasitas dari kapasitor keramik biasanya ditulis dengan kode warna dan angka pada badan kapasitor.
– Kapasitor Film
Jenis kapasitor ini dielektriumnya terbuat dari film yang kapasitas besarnya biasa di tuliskan dengan menggunakan kode warna berupa gelang. Cara membaca ukuran kapasitor ini hampir menyerupai cara membaca kode warna resistor.
– Kapasitor Mika
Tingkat kekuatan kapasitor mika sampai saat ini masih sangat baik dan stabil, karena bahan pembuatnya adalah bahan mika. Jenis ini bisanya dipakai pada rangkaian dengan frekuensi tinggi, dan besaran kapasitas ini ialah 50 – 10.000 μF.
– Kapasitor Kertas
Sesuai dengan namanya, kapasitor ini dibuat menggunakan bahan kerta. Namun karena jenis kurang handal, maka sudah jarang sekali digunakan pada sebuah rangkaian. Dalam pemasangan jenis kapasitor ini tidak akan terjadi masalah, karena jenis ini tidak mempunyai polaritas. Untuk besaran kapasitansi kapasitor kertas yakni sebesar 100 pF- 6800 pF.
Tipe Dan Contoh Kapasitor (Kondensator) Untuk teman teman yang ingin mengeahui tipe dan contoh kapasitor atau kondensator, berikut ini ulasan satu persatu dari tipe dan contoh kapasitor.
1. Tuning Capacitor (Kapasitor Tuning) Jika pernah melihat radio yang masih manual cara mancari gelombangnya, maka yang diputar putar untuk mencari gelombagn itulah yang disebut dengan tuning kapasitor. Di Jepang, jenis kapasitor ini dikenal dengan nama “Varicons”. Jenis kapasitor ini dielektriknya menggunakan udara. Sehingga nilai dari kapasitansinya bisa dirubah dengan cara diputar hahang pada badan kapasitor ke arah kanan ataupun ke arah kiri.
2. Trimmer Capacitor Penyusun dielektrik kapasitor ini adalah keramik dan plastik, dan nilai dari kapasitor ini dapat di rubah dengan cara memutar skrup yang berada tepat diatas kepala kapasitor ini menggunakan obeng khusus. Karena jika tidak menggunakan obeng khusus ditakutkan timbul efek kapasitans antara tangan dengan obeng.
3. Electric Double Capacitor (Super Capacitor) Ukuran kapasitor ini agak sedikit lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan jenis kapasitor pada umumnya, sehingga jenis ini juga disebut dengan super kapasitor Bahan dielektrik dari kapasitor ini adalah metal oksida. Dan satuan dari jenis kapasitor ini adalah F, jenis kapasitor ini memiliki batas tegangan yang cukup besar. Sehingga banyak digunakan pada rangkaian power supply.
4. Polystyrene Film Capacitor Seperti namanya, jenis kapasitor yang satu ini bahan pembentuk dielektriknya adalah polystyrene film, dan jenis kondensator atau kapasitor ini tidak bisa digunakan pada jenis rangkaian yang memiliki frekuensi tinggi. Karena kontruksinya yang tidak kuat, maka jenis kapasitor ini bisa digunakan untuk rangkaian seperti filter atau aplikasi pewaktu yang frekuensinya tidak tinggi hanya mencapai beberapa ratus kHz saja.
5. Kapasitor Mika Bahan pembentuk dielektrik dari kapasitor ini adalah mika, sehingga tingkat kestabilan jenis kapasitor ini sangat tinggi. Biasanya jenis ini digunakan untuk beberapa rangkaian elektronika seperti :
Resonans. Filter untuk frekuensi tinggi. Rangkaian tegangan tinggi seperti pemancar radio dll. Karena kapasitor mika tidak memiliki nilai kapasitansi tinggi, maka harga dari kapasitor mika cukup mahal.
6. Polypropylene Capacitor Kapistor jenis ini biasanya memiliki nilai kapasitansi relatif tetap atau tak berubah jika dirancang pada suatu frekuensi yang melewatinya lebih kecil atau sama dengan 100 kHz.
7. Polyester Film Capacitor Sesuai dengan namanya, kapasitor ini dielektriknya terbuat dari polyster film, yang mana jenis ini lebih baik dari segi suhu dibanding semua jenis kapasitor. Dan jenis kapasitor polyster film bisa digunakan untuk frekuensi yang tinggi dan rangkaian analog. polyster film kapasitor juga dikenal dengan nama mylar dan memiliki toleransi sebasar ±5% – ±10%.
8. Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor Di elektrik kapasitor ini terbuat dari titanium acid barium dengan ketebalan lapisan (layer) sampai dengan 10 – 20 µm serta plat elektrodanya terbuat dari logam murni. Jenis ini lebih baik dari segi suhunya jika dibanding dengan kapasitor keramik, biasanya kapasitor multi layer keramik ini digunakan pada aplikasi atau melewatkan frekuensi yang tinggi menuju tanah (ground).
9. Electrolytic Capacitor Kapasitor jenis ini dielektriknya merupakan lapisan metal-oksida. Elektrode dari kaspasitor ini terbuat dari alumunium yang menggunakan membran oksidasi tipis. Dalam pemasangan kapasitor ini harus berhati hati karena memiliki kutub + dan -. Jika terbalik dalam pemasangannya maka bisa meledak dan rusak. Biasanya jenis kapasitor ini digunakan dalam beberapa peangkat elektronika seperti :
Low pas filter. Power Suplay. Rangkaian Pengukur waktu. Dan jenis kapasitor ini tidak bisa digunakan di jenis rangkaian dengan frekuensi yang tinggi. Tegangan kerja kapasitor jenis ini biasanya dihitung dengan perkalian catu daya dikali 2. Contohnya ketika ingin memberikan catu daya bertegangan 5 volt maka kapasitor yang harus digunakan mempunyai tegangan kerja minimal 2 x 5 = 10 Volt.
10. Ceramic Capacitor Bahan dielektrik dari kapasitor keramik adalah titanium acid barium, dan jenis ini bisa digunakan pada jenis rangkaian dengan frekuensi yang tinggi karena tidak dikonstruksi seperti koil. Dan saat digunakan pada frekuensi yang tinggi maka sangat diperlukan perhitungan karekterisik frekuensi.
Perhitungan respon frekuensi dikenal dengan istilah satuan faktor quraliti dengan simbol huruf Q (quality factor) atau sama dengan 1/DF. Biasa digunakan untuk ground pada sinyal frekuensi yang tinggi. Jenis kapasitor ini tidak baik digunakan pada jenis rangkaian analog karena bisa mengubah bentuk signal. Dan jenis kapasitor ini tidak memiliki polaritas dan memiliki nilai kapasitor yang kecil.
11. Tantalum Capacitor Tantalum kapasitor meruapakan jenis dari electrolytic capacitor yang mana elektrodanya terbuat dari material yang bernama tantalum. Jenis kapasitor ini memiliki nilai polaritas. Dan cara untuk membedakannya yakni dengan mengetahui tanda plus (+) yang terdapat pada tubuh kapasitor, yang artinya tanda tersebut adalah merupakan polaritas kutub positif. Artinya ketika pemasangan jenis kapasitor ini tidak boleh terbalik, dan jenis kapasitor ini memiliki frekuensi dan temperatur yang cukup baik jika dibandingkan dengan electrolytic capacitor yang bahan pembuatnya dari alumunium.